Adjective
clause is also called the Relative Clause is part of the sentence (clause) that
provide information on the person or thing that preceded it. Relative terms
similar to Clause Adjective Clause. Called Adjective Clause because he explains
things or people that preceded it. Called Relative Clause because he connects
(to relate) the object or the person behind the phrase. Relative clause begins
with the conjunctive who, whom, Whose, which, that, with the following
functions
Who :
describe the person as a subject
Whom :
people describe it as an object (to replace me, you, us, him, her,them, it)
Whose : describe the person as the owner (replacing my, your, our, his,
her, Their,its)
Which : describes the objaect as subject and object
That : used for humans, animals and things, in subject or object position
I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes
living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.
Defining
and Non-defining
A defining relative clause
tells which noun we are talking about:
- I like the woman who lives next door.
(If I don’t say ‘who lives next door’, then we don’t know which woman I mean)
A non-defining relative clause
gives us extra information about something. We don’t need this information to
understand the sentence.
- I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.
(Everybody knows where London is, ‘which has some fantastic parks’ is extra information)
Defining
relative clauses:
1: The relative pronoun is the
subject:
First, let’s consider when the
relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.
We can use ‘who’, ‘which’ or ‘that’.
We use ‘who’ for people and ‘which’ for things. We can use ‘that’ for people or
things.
The relative clause can come after
the subject or the object of the sentence. We can’t drop the relative pronoun.
For example (clause after the object
of the sentence):
- I’m looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
- She has a son who / that is a doctor.
- We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.
- I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.
More examples (clause after the
subject of the sentence):
- The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
- The man who / that phoned is my brother.
- The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.
- The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.
2: The relative pronoun is the
object:
Next, let’s talk about when the
relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this case we can drop the
relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or
the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:
(clause after the object)
- She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
- We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.
- John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
- The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.
(clause after the subject)
- The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.
- The university (which / that) she likes is famous.
- The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
- The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.
Non-defining
relative clauses:
We don’t use ‘that’ in non-defining
relative clauses, so we need to use ‘which’ if the pronoun refers to a thing,
and ‘who’ if it refers to a person. We can’t drop the relative pronoun in this
kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.
(clause comes after the subject)
- My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.
- My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
- My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.
- My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.
(clause comes after the object)
- Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.
- The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.
- Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now
- I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.
Prepositions
and relative clauses
If the verb in the relative clause
needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:
For example:
- listen to
The music is good. Julie listens to
the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.
- work with
My brother met a woman. I used to
work with the woman.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.
- go to
The country is very hot. He went to
the country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.
- come from
I visited the city. John comes from
the city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.
- apply for
The job is well paid. She applied for
the job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.
Whose
‘Whose’ is always the subject of the
relative clause and can’t be left out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used
for people and things.
The dog is over there. The dog’s /
its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
The little girl is sad. The little
girl’s / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.
The woman is coming tonight. Her car
is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.
The house belongs to me. Its roof is
very old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.
Where
/ when / why
We can sometimes use these question
words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.
I live in a city. I study in the city.
→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.
→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.
The bar in Barcelona is still there.
I met my wife in that bar.
→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.
The summer was long and hot. I
graduated from university in the summer.
→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.
→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.
Article Of Adjective Clause
Last week I moved back to
Philadelphia, the city where I was born. When I was six, my father,
who had always appreciated the beauty of the farmlands there, moved us
to Lancaster County, which is famous for its peacefulness and leisurely
pace. Philadelphia, which is dirtier and noisier, is also more violent.
Its streets are more dangerous than the country lanes to which I am
accustomed. Still, a city thatoffers many types of restaurants
and entertainment is more exciting than the quiet country town
from which we had thought about moving for years. Moving back was an idea
whose time had finally come.
Exercise
Exercise
1. I talk to the woman she
was sitting next to me
I talk to the woman who was sitting next to me
2. I have a class it begins
at 08.00 Am
I have a class which begins
at 08.00 Am
3. The man called the police his
car was stolen
The man whose car was stolen
called the police
4. The building is very old he lives
there
The building where he lives
is very old
5. The woman was Ms.Silvy I saw her
The woman whom I saw was Ms.Silvy
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